Carbon. Avoided CO₂e follows steam mass — tonnes per hour × operating hours × the steam carbon factor. Reboiler duty converts to steam through the latent heat set in the basis.
Money. The steam figure values the saving at the site’s internal steam transfer price. The fuel-gas figure prices the same heat as the fuel a boiler would otherwise have burned — heat saved ÷ boiler efficiency × fuel gas price. The two differ because a transfer price carries water treatment, distribution and capital recovery that raw fuel does not; quote whichever basis the client’s economics team uses. Prices are entered and shown in the currency chosen in the basis, and the arithmetic runs in US dollars, so switching currency re-expresses the same price rather than changing it.
Refinery totals. No Indian refiner publishes a verified refinery-by-refinery CO₂e figure — the majors disclose company-wide Scope 1 and 2 only. One exception sets the yardstick: HMEL Bathinda, whose Sustainability Report FY2023-24 gives 4.30 Mt Scope 1 against 12.6 MMT throughput; a single-refinery company, so the corporate disclosure is the refinery. Every other figure in the list comes from the Climate TRACE 2024 asset inventory, which computes throughput × an emission factor assigned by refinery archetype rather than measuring, and which flags its own refining data as low confidence; against HMEL’s disclosure it reads 16 % low. Treat every modelled figure as ±20 %. Reliance Jamnagar carries a further caveat: DTA and SEZ are lumped into a single asset and cannot be separated. Each refinery is shown as capacity × carbon intensity so the arithmetic stays visible — change either and the total follows, or type the total and the intensity follows. Published Indian refinery intensities run about 0.22 to 0.34 tonnes of CO₂e per tonne of crude, against a global volume-weighted average of 0.30 (Jing et al., Nature Climate Change 2020). For a refinery not listed, an audited total is always the figure to prefer; failing that use capacity × intensity, taking 0.22 for a simple refinery, 0.28 typical, 0.34 for deep conversion.
Everyday equivalents. 4.6 t CO₂e per car-year and 2.08 t per hectare of forest per year. The household figure follows the refinery you pick, because a home is not the same size everywhere: it is that country’s average household electricity multiplied by its 2024 grid carbon intensity (Our World in Data / Ember). India 1,005 kWh × 708 g = 0.71 t; China 2,180 × 555 = 1.21 t; Japan 4,749 × 483 = 2.29 t; Malaysia 4,456 × 604 = 2.69 t; South Korea 3,000 × 416 = 1.25 t; Taiwan 4,200 × 635 = 2.67 t; Singapore 4,200 × 499 = 2.10 t; Saudi Arabia 12,000 × 692 = 8.30 t; UAE 14,000 × 468 = 6.55 t; Kuwait 20,000 × 637 = 12.74 t; Oman 14,000 × 545 = 7.63 t. The household figures for India, China, Japan and Malaysia are the IEA’s; the others are derived from residential electricity per head and average household size and are round estimates. Indicative, for communication only.